Importance of Sex Education for Youth and Children

You, especially those who have a parent or teen has a younger brother, must be very worried when I heard the news in various media relating to sexual activity among adolescents, whether made consensual or by force, has increased dramatically in recent years. The last case is discussed lively about a junior high school student with the initials SA who are victims of kidnapping and rape. As a result of these events, parents accompanied SA National Commission for Child Protection and the local education office held a closed-door meeting with the school to discuss the fate of SA as a student studying in its place.

This case is just a few of many cases related to teen sexual activity. Is estimated that there are more cases of rape and afflicts teenagers out there, not to mention the case of a porn video played by high school students that is rapidly evolving, so abortion risky endanger the lives of young girls. More tragically again, not a few were also found minors are victims of sexual abuse by older teens. In fact, in some cases, it was revealed that the perpetrators are siblings.

Arif Rahman Hakim, an education expert, estimates that this phenomenon can occur because of a lack of sex education for children. Wiwid Widyastuti KB BKKBN as Head of Yogyakarta Province also found similar and calls for sex education to do from an early age. He even has proposed sex education materials that can be implemented in schools to the education department, but until now their proposal can not be approved because of a charge subject in school is too crowded.

In fact, according to research results Briggs and Hawkins, parents tend to rely on teachers or caregivers can protect the child from all the unwanted sexual activity. It is also due to many parents who have minimal knowledge about how to give sex education to children. Consequently, if this is all allowed, children are driven by their curiosity might get the wrong information about sex from their surroundings and become victims of this ignorance.

Parents, as the party most responsible for the development of their child's life, is expected to address this more wisely. One is urged holding sex education in schools, or by providing knowledge about sex to children at home (of course, after studying it right).

There is always controversy about whether or not sex education is given to children, so parents hesitate to give it. In what way is a decent sex education to be discussed? Stigma spread in society is that sex Esek Esek affairs that ought to be discussed only by adults who are able to think about "right and wrong" and not to talk to the children who are innocent.

For Prof. Dr. Sarlito Wirawan, sex education has the same mechanism with other education (Education Religious and Moral Pancasila). Educators must be able to transmit the values ​​of knowledge gradually and in accordance with the development

cognitive subject students. Sex education should be related to the prevailing norms in society, parents as educators should emphasize what you can do and what not to do.

Toni Ayres also supports this statement, he said that sexuality education should be a balance between talking about the pleasure they could get in intercourse with consequences that can be obtained (sexually transmitted infections, unwanted pregnancies, abortion, etc.). In short, sex education is not about supporting children and young people to have sex, but to explain the natural function of sex as part of them and the consequences if misused.

The Protective Factors and Risk Factors

Risk Factors In health, the concept of risk factors (and risk behavior, risk groups) is a key concept in research, theory and increase prevention and health promotion. First, the use of the concept of risk is reflected biomedical attention to adverse outcomes associated with morbidity and mortality. For example, hypertension and high cholesterol berserum is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Lately epidemiological search for risk factors for disease and illness, particularly for chronic diseases, has evolved into two new areas of social and environmental behavior. Component behavior can be seen in two aspects of the development of the disease. 

First, it affects the behavior of a particular disease risk factors. Risk factors is characteristic group of individuals who designate them as at high risk for certain diseases. For example, a group of people eating food with a high fatty acid typically increases the degree of serum cholesterol, a risk factor for coronary heart disease.

Second, the behavior itself can be a major risk factor for both coronary heart disease and lung cancer because the chances of getting the disease is greater in smokers than nonsmokers. Literature deny that there is consensus on some risky behaviors are striking. Kokeny mention diet, physical activity, smoking and abuse of alcohol and drugs, the risk of human and environmental risks.

Psychosomatic medicine began focusing on approaches and new theories concerning the relationship between the psychological and the social, biological and psychological function, and development of disease problems. This definition clearly reflects the awareness of the importance of the psychological aspects and behavior in health care, as well as the needs of a discipline that integrates research and practice behavior in medical care. Although the paradigm is essentially a medical model, the relevance of this discipline privilege interdisiplinernya no character. Behavioral medicine, which faces health, illness and related disfungsinya, relying on contributions various disciplines such as psychology, sociology, epidemiology, neuroanatomy, immunology, nursing, social workers and many others.

Behavioral medicine topics are disease mechanisms (such as stress or type A role in cardiovascular disease, patient decision-making, compliance, effectiveness of health education, the effectiveness of behavior modification that are less healthy, the effectiveness of direct reduction of illness (asthma, hypertension, headache , etc.) and behavioral pain / illness behavior at the individual and group. however, argue that behavior medicine Gochan face tension, stress or anxiety, and other non-physical deviation is concerned is very important to the overall well-being of the individual, only if it is associated with impaired specific physical.

Important to note is that the behavioral medicine lately not only emphasizes the integration of behavioral science (behaviorism and learning theory are pure, ie bio-feedback) and biomedical science in business - the business of health care. changes the concept of health, evolution in health care and other evolution, resulting in the implementation of the new psychology in health care and society following :

a. First, it tends to be more applied psychology (not just academic) 

b. Second, an important issue of health (and not just mental health), psychological affects sub disciplines, not only clinically but also as an example of organizational psychology (eg, stress and pain within the company). 

c. The third factor is the limited success of psikodiagnostik and individual interventions (curative), dkebutuihan for prevention on a larger scale (community approach). Therefore, more knowledge, research and skills needed to investigate the elements of the basic determinants of behavior

The Pattern Behavior

Recent studies done to examine personality factors or patterns of behavior as a risk factor for coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease.

1. Type A Type A behavior was first described in a clear and measured by Friedman and Rosenman in 1959. originally it was described as a style of behavior and emotion. Now some authors regard as the hallmark of type A personality trait is certain, while others describe it as a pattern of behavioral activation and constant strong which is usually a self-start. Type A includes behavioral disposition, behavioral and emotional rsepon special. Most of the authors agree with the three main characteristics of type A:

a. Orientation competition achievements, ambitious, self-critical.

b. The urgency of time, fighting against time, impatient, do different jobs at the same time.

c. Hostility, irritability, sometimes aggressive. Especially during the first 20 years and publications and research, it appears that type A has a strong relationship with CHD. Men are at risk of type A

Twice as likely to have CHD. In addition, type A people have to stress coping styles are different and are more likely to use their control over the environment. However since the 1980's research results become more confusing and many researchers did not find a significant association between type A behavior and coronary heart disease at all. Although the magnitude of the difficulties in measuring type A behavior, even the operational definition needs to be strengthened and future epidemiological studies should seek prospectively validate the components of type A against the development of CHD. 

Type A has also been studied in children and adolescents. Research shows that children are more reactive type A stress than children with non-type A. In general, boys more likely to imitate the behavior of type A and their parents than daughters. This suggests that Type A evolved as the interaction between heredity and parenting styles. Furthermore Nay & Wagner knows that children of type A have a lower self-esteem, more external locus of controlnya and higher levels of anxiety than my friends who are not the type A. Coping mechanism for stress and type of cognition may also differ between subject type A and type B.

3. Personality hardiness Hardiness personality type or pattern of behavior that is often talked about these days is the fortitude (or hardy personality hardiness) an idea of ​​the concept of kobasa. Konseptualisasinya of hardiness as a personality type that is important in the fight against stress, obtained from the existential theory of personality. He started with the interpersonal differences in personal control and combine it with other variables, in order to produced a more comprehensive personality type. Hardiness include three basic properties:

a. personal control

b. Commitment; degree of involvement in these events, activities and people.

c. Challenges; trend saw the change as an opportunity to grow and is not a safety threat. 

Hardiness considered to keep a person healthy despite going through some stressful life events. Although Kobasa himself and other experts emphasized the strong research evidence that supports the circumstances and the relevance of hardiness, there are also a lot of criticism. Criticism given the type A personality pul apply to the type of hardiness; operationalization of these components seem difficult, not all of the components assist in predicting health outcomes (eg challenge) and the main issues concerning its role in mediating the behavior of a person's health condition and missed completely.

3. Others optimism and sense of coherence recently been to see the ability to forecast the distinction healing. Both were found to be able to predict improvement in the positive aspects of healing after controlling for pre-surgery levels. Feelings of linkage was found to be more important predictors of the optimism in this context. However both of these personality factors did not predict improvement in suffering or pain, feeling close affinity factor is the concept of integrity. Until now another type of personality that can not be explained by gambling as type A and type fortitude. Explain, found a lot of overlap between these concepts and methods of size less consistent. In addition, there remains a need for prospective studies investigating the interactive qualities of the personality factor, with other personality variables and environment variables. We will give an example that illustrates the complexity of these personality factors. It has been stated that aspects of hardiness include aspects of optimism. In turn, the optimism has been studied from the perspective of attribution, some authors claim that optimism is associated with the attribution of one's style. Attribution-attribution, in turn, is associated with the desire to control the environment. And this is actually one of the fundamental concepts hardiness. So, stepping from one style to the personality of the other personality styles, we live in a vicious circle. Obviously still needs more research to clarify the relationship between personality types with health outcomes.

The Orientation of Clinical Psychology

There is a clear and close relationship between clinical psychology and abnormal psychology, and then of course psychiatry. The task facing clinical psychology is to understand the problems faced by patients and how patients completed the personality aspect. For purposes of theoretical orientations of clinical studies on personality are aspects of personality that needs to be understood:

1. Motivation is a psychological need that has a pattern or direction that is within the individual that must be met in order for mental life that is constantly maintained in a state of balance. At first it was just a power requirement basis only. But then turns into a vector called the motivation for having the strength and direction.

2. Capacity Capacity is adjustic individual characteristics, including in the case is the intellectual capacity to achieve their own goals and to the demands of the environment desired. The importance of understanding this capacity for clinical psychology is to predict in what areas and how strongly the individual has a source of stress, both in a state of frustration, conflict and distress.

3. Control is defined as control of individual dilakuakan process when using the capacity and motivation to curb impulsive into a useful channel for adjusting himself, the socially acceptable.

The development of the power of self occurs from infancy. Precisely when the baby started to learn to deal with frustration. There are five form of control is excessive control (repression), weak (under control), tentantif (anxiety), also known as impaired inadequate controls and ideal control (birth control appropriate adjustments.)

Role of Clinical Psychology

Professional task is to implement a clinical psychologist clinical psychological principles as applied science. In connection with this task, there are several clinical psychologist role held as follows:

1. Applied psychology is a term specific to psychotherapy. In general, therapy picture featured four activities, namely: Helping pure relationship nurturing the relationship between therapist and patient.

a. help clients explore (self diversion)

b. therapists work together to solve problems dank lien

c. therapists build and work on skills or attitudes to the patient how to menggulangi stress.

2. Assessment Assessment is used propses a clinical psychologist to observe and evaluate the patient's social and psychological problems, both related to the limitations and advantages.

3. Teaching Teaching is to provide information and training on topics including the scope of the knowledge that underlies their profession, such as clinical psychology, abnormal psychology, etc..

4. Consultation includes providing guidance to individuals, groups or agencies and organizations to develop the system quality. Called consulting because the purpose of a clinical psychologist in this case helping patients through their work or problems.

a. Administrative implementation by clinical psychologist in accordance with his position in managerial positions such as in hospitals, clinics, etc..

b. The research work done by clinical psychology in various forms of research investigations, assessing the effectiveness of various therapeutic approaches or consultation, the causes and consequences of psychological dysfunction.